-Total Physical Response (TPR)
This teaching method was developed by Professor James Asher. In TPR, teachers use physical movement/gesture/props/tools to demonstrate what they ganna teach. For example, if the teacher wants to teach "open the book", he will use a book and do the action "open". If the teacher wants to teach "apple", he will show an apple or the picture of an apple. This method is especially suitable for young learners. It also focused on the ideas that learning should be as fun and stress-free as possible.
-Grammar Translation Method
Origin from Latin learning
This method directly translates one foreign language into another language based on grammar.
No spoken communication or listening comprehension is used in this method.
Inability to create communicative competence in students
-Direct Method
More similar to first language acquisition
more oral communication and spontaneous use of the language
Develop student's ability to think in the target language
Direct method did not take well in public education due to the constraints of budget, classroom size, time and teacher background. But direct method continues to enjoy a popular following in private language schools.
-Audio-Lingual Method (ALM)
Developed in World WAr II, the so-called Army Method.
This method introduces the concept of teaching "linguistic patterns" in combination with "habit-forming".
Advantage: Able to see immediate results (Quick success). This is both it's strength and it's failure in the long run.
Disadvantage: 1. This method did not deliver in term of producing long-term communicative ability.
2. Rote learning cound not bring learners the benefits of affective and interpersonal factors, which learners were able to produce language forms and patterns that they had never heard before.
-Silent Way
This method is founded by Caleb Gattegno by sharing many same principles from "Discovering Learning". The teacher typically stay "silent" as part of his role as facilitator and stimulator.
This method really concentrates on cognitive principles.
Use small colored rods of varying length and color-coded word charts
-Community Language Learning (CLL)
By applying the concept of Counseling-learning educational model, CLL seeks to encourage teachers to see their students as "whole persons". Students typically sit in a circle, with the teacher (as counselor) outside the ring. At the beginning, students depend on the teacher's translation to communicate, and try to repeat English used by the teacher. After a considerable period of time, students will gradually pick up the ability to use English.
-Suggestopedia
Developed by Georgi Lozanov.
Provide the sort of relaxed state of mind that would facilitate the retention of material to its maximum potential.
Use soft Baroque music during the learning process
Use soft comfortable chair and dim lighting in the classroom
-Communicative Approach or Communicative Language Teaching Approach (CLT)
This approach does a lot to expand on the goal of creating communicative competence. Teaching students how to use the language is considered to be at least as important as learning the language itself.
5 types of learning associated with CLT
Interactive learning
Learner-centered learning
Cooperative learning
Content-based learning
Task-based learning
-Natural Approach
This approach is developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell in the early 1980s.
A considerable amount of "comprehensible input" from the teacher is needed.
Students are not to forced speak at the beginning. Instead, teachers wait until students acquire enough language through listening that they start to speak spontaneously.
